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- IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776.
-
- A DECLARATION
-
- By the REPRESENTATIVES of the
-
- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
-
- In GENERAL CONGRESS assembled
-
- When in the Course of human Events, it becomes necessary for one People
- to dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another,
- and to assume among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal
- Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a
- decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind requires that they should
- declare the causes which impel them to the Separation.
-
- We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal,
- that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,
- that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness-That to
- secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving
- their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any
- Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of
- the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government,
- laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in
- such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and
- Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long
- established should not be changed for light and transient Causes; and
- accordingly all Experience hath shewn, that Mankind are more disposed to
- suffer, while Evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
- abolishing the Forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long
- Train of Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object,
- evinces a Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their
- Right, it is their Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide
- new Guards for their future Security. Such has been the patient
- Sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the Necessity which
- constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The
- History of the present King of Great-Britain is a History of repeated
- Injuries and Usurpations, all having in direct Object the Establishment
- of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be
- submitted to a candid World.
-
- He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for
- the public Good.
-
- He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing
- Importance, unless suspended in their Operation till his Assent should
- be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
- to them.
-
- He has refused to pass other Laws for the Accommodation of large
- Districts of People, unless those People would relinquish the Right of
- Representation in the Legislature, a Right inestimable to them, and
- formidable to Tyrants only.
-
- He has called together Legislative Bodies at Places unusual,
- uncomfortable , and distant from the Depository of their Public Records,
- for the sole Purpose of fatiguing them into Compliance with his
- Measures.
-
- He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with
- manly Firmness his Invasions on the Rights of the People.
-
- He has refused for a long Time, after such Dissolutions, to cause others
- to be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of
- Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise;
- the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the Dangers of
- Invasion from without, and Convulsions within.
-
- He has endeavoured to prevent the Population of these States; for that
- Purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing
- to pass others to encourage their Migrations hither, and raising the
- Conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
-
- He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent
- to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.
-
- He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the Tenure of their
- Offices, and the Amount and payment of their Salaries.
-
- He has erected a Multitude of new Offices, and sent hither Swarms of
- Officers to harrass our People, and eat out their Substance.
-
- He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the
- consent of our Legislatures.
-
- He has affected to render the Military independent of, and superior to
- the Civil Power.
-
- He has combined with others to subject us to a Jurisdiction foreign to
- our Constitution, and unacknowledged by out Laws; giving his Assent to
- their Acts of pretended Legislation:
-
- For quartering large Bodies of Armed Troops among us:
-
- For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders
- which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
-
- For Cutting off our Trade with all Parts of the World:
-
- For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
-
- For depriving us, in many Cases, of the Benefits of Trial by Jury:
-
- For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended Offences:
-
- For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring
- Province, establishing therein an arbitrary Government, and enlarging
- its Boundaries, so as to render it at once an Example and fit Instrument
- for introducing the same absolute Rule into these Colonies:
-
- For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and
- altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
-
- For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested
- with Power to legislate for us in all Cases whatsoever.
-
- He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection
- and waging War against us.
-
- He has plundered our Seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and
- destroyed the Lives of our People.
-
- He is, at this Time, transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to
- compleat the works of Death, Desolation, and Tyranny, already begun with
- circumstances of Cruelty and Perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most
- barbarous Ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized Nation.
-
- He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to
- bear Arms against their Country, to become the Executioners of their
- Friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
-
- He has excited domestic Insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to
- bring on the Inhabitants of our Frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages,
- whose known Rule of Warfare, is an undistinguished Destruction, of all
- Ages, Sexes and Conditions.
-
- In every stage of these Oppressions we have Petitioned for Redress in
- the most humble Terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only
- by repeated Injury. A Prince, whose Character is thus marked by every
- act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the Ruler of a free
- People.
-
- Nor have we been wanting in Attentions to our British Brethren. We have
- warned them from Time to Time of Attempts by their Legislature to extend
- an unwarrantable Jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the
- Circumstances of our Emigration and Settlement here. We have appealed
- to their native Justice and Magnanimity, and we have conjured them by
- the Ties of our common Kindred to disavow these Usurpations, which,
- would inevitably interrupt our Connections and Correspondence. They too
- have been deaf to the Voice of Justice and of Consanguinity. We must,
- therefore, acquiesce in the Necessity, which denounces our Separation,
- and hold them, as we hold the rest of Mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace,
- Friends.
-
- We, therefore, the Representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in
- General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World
- for the Rectitude of our Intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority
- of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly Publish and Declare, That
- these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, Free and
- Independent States; that they are absolved from all Allegiance to the
- British Crown, and that all political Conncetion between them and the
- State of Great-Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that
- as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War,
- conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all
- other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for
- the support of this declaration, with a firm Reliance on the Protection
- of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our
- Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.
-
- JOHN HANCOCK, President
-
- Attest.
- CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary.
-
- SIGNERS
-
- Adams, John MA Lawyer
- Adams, Samuel MA Political leader
- Bartlett, Josiah NH Physician, Judge
- Braxton, Carter VA Farmer
- Carroll, Charles of Carrollton MD Lawyer
- Chase, Samuel MD Judge
- Clark, Abraham NJ Surveyor
- Clymer, George PA Merchant
- Ellery, William RI Lawyer
- Floyd, William NY Soldier
- Franklin, Benjamin PA Printer, Publisher
- Gerry, Elbridge MA Merchant
- Gwinnett, Button GA Merchant
- Hall, Lyman GA Physician
- Hancock, John MA Merchant
- Harrison, Benjamin VA Farmer
- Hart, John NJ Farmer
- Hewes, Joseph NC Merchant
- Heyward, Thomas Jr. SC Lawyer, Farmer
- Hooper, William NC Lawyer
- Hopkins, Stephen RI Judge, Educator
- Hopkinson, Francis NJ Judge, Author
- Huntington, Samuel CT Judge
- Jefferson, Thomas VA Lawyer
- Lee, Francis Lightfoot VA Farmer
- Lee, Richard Henry VA Farmer
- Lewis, Francis NY Merchant
- Livingston, Philip NY Merchant
- Lynch, Thomas Jr. SC Farmer
- McKean, Thomas DE Lawyer
- Middleton, Arthur SC Farmer
- Morris, Lewis NY Farmer
- Morris, Robert PA Merchant
- Morton, John PA Judge
- Nelson, Thomas Jr. VA Farmer
- Paca, William MD Judge
- Paine, Robert Treat MA Judge
- Penn, John NC Lawyer
- Read, George DE Judge
- Rodney, Caesar DE Judge
- Ross, George PA Judge
- Rush, Benjamin PA Physician
- Rutledge, Edward SC Lawyer
- Sherman, Roger CT Lawyer
- Smith, James PA Lawyer
- Stockton, Richard NJ Lawyer
- Stone, Thomas MD Lawyer
- Taylor, George PA Ironmaster
- Thornton, Matthew NH Physician
- Walter, George GA Judge
- Whipple, William NH Merchant, Judge
- Williams, William CT Merchant
- Wilson, James PA Judge
- Witherspoon, John NJ Educator
- Wolcott, Oliver CT Judge
- Wythe, George VA Lawyer